2017年12月英语四级阅读：选词填空（2）

　　Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.

　　Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.

　　Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can 　(36)　performance at work and school. Cognitive (认识派的) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on 　(37) 　and gifts from others.

　　The latter view has gained many supporters, 　(38)　among educators. But the careful use of small　(39)　rewards speaks creativity in grade school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements (刺激) indeed　(40)　inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

　　"If kids know they're working for a reward and can focus on a relatively 　(41)　task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy to 　(42)　creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.

　　A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands our high grades for 　(43)　achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and 　(44)　failing grades.

　　In early grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows　(45)　in raising efforts and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.

　　A) mental

　　B) promise

　　C) kill

　　D) avoid

　　E) hope

　　F) especially

　　G) aid

　　H) ordinary

　　I) approval

　　J) monetary

　　K) generally

　　L) improve

　　M) challenging

　　N) restore

　　O) excellent