2017年12月英语四级美文:The Origin of the Refrigerators

2017-09-27 15:12:22来源:网络

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  2017年12月英语四级美文100篇汇总

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  The Origin of the Refrigerators

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  By the mid-nineteenth century,

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  the term icebox had entered the American language,

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  but ice was still only beginning

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  to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States.

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  The ice trade grew with the growth of cities.

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  Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals,

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  and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat,

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  fresh fish, and butter.

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  After the Civil War (1861-1865),

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  as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars,

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  it also came into household use.

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  Even before 1880 half of the ice sold in New York,

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  Philadelphia, and Baltimore,

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  and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago,

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  went to families for their own use.

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  This had become possible because a new household convenience,

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  the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator,

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  had been invented.

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  Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose.

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  In the early nineteenth century,

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  the knowledge of the physics of heat,

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  which was essential to a science of refrigeration,

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  was rudimentary.

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  The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one

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  that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken,

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  for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling.

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  Nevertheless,

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  early efforts to economize ice included wrapping up the ice in blankets,

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  which kept the ice from doing its job.

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  Not until near the end of the nineteenth century

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  did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation

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  and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.

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  But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer,

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  Thomas Moore, had been on the right track.

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  When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market,

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  his butter, still fresh and hard in neat,

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  was worth one-pound a brick.

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  One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained,

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  was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night

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  in order to keep their produce cool.

  2017年12月英语四级美文100篇汇总

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